Walmer Castle

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Walmer Castle

Kent

Entrance to Walmer Castle - geograph.org.uk - 237099.jpg
The gatehouse
Type: Device Fort
Location
Grid reference: TR377500
Location: 51°12’4"N, 1°24’8"E
Village: Walmer
History
Built 1539
Key events: Civil War
Napoleonic Wars
Information
Owned by: English Heritage
Website: Walmer Castle and Gardens

Walmer Castle is an artillery fort originally constructed by King Henry VIII in Walmer, Kent, between 1539 and 1540. It formed part of the King's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire in unquiet times, and defended the strategically important Downs anchorage off the Kentish coast.

Comprising a keep and four circular bastions, the moated stone castle covered ⅔ acre and had 39 firing positions on the upper levels for artillery. It cost the Crown a total of £27,092 to build the three castles of Walmer, Sandown, and Deal, which stood adjacent to one another along the coast and were connected by earthwork defences. The original invasion threat passed, but during the Civil War of 1648–49, Walmer was seized by pro-Royalist insurgents and was only retaken by Parliamentary forces after several months' fighting.

In the 18th century, Walmer became the official residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and was gradually modified from a military fortification into a private residence. Various Prime Ministers and prominent politicians were appointed as Lord Warden, including William Pitt the Younger, the Duke of Wellington and Lord Granville, who adapted parts of the Tudor castle as living spaces and constructed extensive gardens around the property. By 1904, the War Office agreed that Walmer had no remaining military utility and it passed to the Ministry of Works. Successive Lord Wardens continued to use the property but it was also opened to the public. Walmer was no longer considered a particularly comfortable or modern residence, however, and Lord Curzon blamed the poor condition of the castle for his wife's death in 1906.

The position of Lord Warden is now merely honorary and since the Second World War Lord Wardens have made only intermittent use of Walmer Castle. Today Walmer Castle is run as a tourist attraction by English Heritage. The interior of the castle displays a range of historical objects and pictures associated with the property and its Lord Wardens, protected since the 19th century by special legislation. The grounds include the Queen Mother's Garden, designed by Penelope Hobhouse as a 95th birthday gift for Elizabeth the Queen Mother (who was then Lord Warden) in 1997.

History

16th century

Walmer Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England, France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII. Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely.[1] Modest defences, based around simple blockhouses and towers, existed in the south-west and along the Sussex coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.[2]

In 1533, Henry broke with Pope Paul III in order to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife, Catherine of Aragon and remarry.[3] Catherine was the aunt of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and he took the annulment as a personal insult, resulting in an alliance of France and the Empire against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England. An invasion of England appeared certain and in response, Henry issued an order, called a "device", in 1539, giving instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" and the construction of forts along the coastline.

Walmer and the adjacent castles of Deal and Sandown were constructed to protect the Downs in east Kent, an important anchorage formed by the Goodwin Sands which gave access to Deal Beach, on which enemy soldiers could easily be landed.[4] The stone castles were supported by a line of four earthwork forts, known as the Great Turf, the Little Turf Bulwark, the Great White Bulwark of Clay and the Walmer Bulwark, and a 2½-mile long defensive ditch and bank.[5] Collectively the castles became known as the "castles of the Downs" and cost the Crown a total of £27,092 to build.

Walmer was built between April 1539 and autumn 1540, by a team including Richard Benese as the surveyor, William Clement as the master carpenter, and Christopher Dickenson as the master mason.[6] It was initially garrisoned by a captain, two lieutenants, two porters, ten gunners and three soldiers, at an annual cost of £174.[7] It was probably equipped with a range of brass and cast-iron guns, along with arquebuses and bows for close defence.[8] In 1597, a report listed the castle's artillery as comprising a cannon, a culverin, five demi-culverins, a saker, a minion and a falcon.[8]

17th century

Aerial view of the castle

Walmer Castle was left to decline in the early 17th century, with little money being made available for repairs and the garrison receiving low pay, leading some members to reside in nearby Deal rather the fort itself, and to take on additional employment to supplement their wages.[9] Walmer Castle was seized by Parliamentary forces at the start of the first Civil War between the supporters of King Charles I and Parliament, but did not play a significant role in the remainder of the initial conflict.[10]

After the few years of unsteady peace after 1645, the Second Civil War broke out in 1648, this time with Charles' Royalist supporters joined by Scottish allies. The Parliamentary navy was based in the Downs, protected by Walmer and the other Henrician castles, but by May a Royalist insurrection was under way across Kent. Vice-Admiral William Batten had been forced to resign from his post as Commander of the Fleet the previous year by Parliamentary officials, and he now encouraged the fleet to join the Royalist faction.[11] Sir Henry Palmer, a former sailor, accompanied by other members of the Kentish gentry, also called on the fleet to revolt, taking advantage of the many fellow Kentish men in the crews.[12] Walmer and Deal Castle declared for the King, shortly after the garrisons at Sandown.[13] With both the coastal fortresses and the navy now under Royalist control, Parliament feared that foreign forces might be landed along the coast or aid sent to the Scots.[14]

Parliament defeated the wider insurgency at the Battle of Maidstone at the start of June, and then sent a force under the command of Colonel Rich to deal with Walmer and the other castles along the Downs. Walmer Castle was the first to be besieged, and surrendered on 12 July.[15] Deal was attacked in late July, and in August artillery assaults began on Sandown as well, leading to the surrender of both remaining fortifications. Walmer was badly damaged during the conflict and it was estimated by Rich, responsible for carrying out the repairs, that the work would cost at least £500.

In 1649, Parliament ordered new supplies of ammunition and powder be sent to Walmer and the other castles of the Downs, which were brought back into good order.[16] The garrison at Walmer remained substantial during the period, with a governor, a corporal and 20 soldiers, but when Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660 he reduced the numbers again to a captain, lieutenant, porter and 16 men.[17] In the Glorious Revolution of 1688 against Charles' brother, King James II, the townsfolk of Deal seized Walmer Castle on behalf of William Prince of Orange, who was soon to be King William III.[18] By the end of the century, however, the castle was increasingly regarded as out of date from a military perspective.

The Lord Warden's residence from 1708

A satirical cartoon of 1805: William Pitt directs operations against the French from Walmer Castle

In the 18th century, Walmer Castle became the official residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and though the position's prominence had faded since the Midle Ages, it retained important judicial and military functions. When Lionel Sackville, the Duke of Dorset, was appointed to the post in 1708 he decided that the existing residence in Dover Castle was unsatisfactory, probably because of the semi-ruinous state of the castle, and moved into Walmer Castle instead.[19] The Duke occupied the post of Lord Warden until 1765, save for two short periods and in his time carried out extensive work to make the castle more habitable, building extensions towards the north bastion and constructing a small house in the south bastion for the soldiers. Under the subsequent Lord Wardens, the politicians Robert Darcy, the Earl of Holderness, and Francis North, the Earl of Guildford, the castle continued to house artillery but it became increasingly less military in character.[20]

William Pitt the Younger, then Prime Minister, was made the Lord Warden in 1792: Pitt was badly in debt and the King believed that the post, which came with a hefty salary of £3,000 a year, would usefully supplement his income.[21] Pitt made extensive use of the castle and by 1803 he used it as his main residence in an effort to reduce his living costs.[22] Pitt's niece, Lady Hester Stanhope, joined him at Walmer between 1803 and 1806; together with Pitt, she carried out extensive work on the castle gardens, transforming them from a simple kitchen garden into a set of landscaped ornamental enclosures; Stanhope enlisted the Dover militia to help with the landscaping and planting.[23]

With the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, Pitt became energetically involved in the protection of the ports along the coast, entertaining the local garrison commanders, naval captains and the local gentry at Walmer on a regular basis.[24] After Pitt resigned as Prime Minister in 1801, fears remained of a French invasion and he formed a volunteer cavalry unit at Walmer Castle, where he lived with his new officers.[25] He also formed a unit of bombardier infantry and a fleet of 35 fishing boats which he armed with 12 lb or 18 lb guns, reviewing them from the castle.[26] Stanhope remarked on the constant drilling of army units around the castle during her time there.[27]

Robert Jenkinson, the Earl of Liverpool, took possession of Walmer Castle following the death of Pitt in 1806. Liverpool was a favourite of King George's, and his appointment as Lord Warden was again intended to provide a valuable income and a country retreat.[28] As Prime Minister, Liverpool used Walmer as a personal retreat and as a location for private political discussions with selected guests.[29]

Nineteenth century peacetime

The Duke of Wellington's room

On Lord Liverpool's death, Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington and the current Prime Minister, asked the King, George IV for the post of Lord Warden, primarily because he was seeking the use of Walmer Castle.[30] Wellington took up post in 1829 and considered Walmer to be "the most charming marine residence".[31] He made use of the castle each autumn, entertaining extensively there but living and sleeping in a single room.[32] He was visited there twice by Queen Victoria, on the first occasion when she was still a princess.[33] Wellington died in his room at Walmer on 14 September 1852.[34] His body was kept in a death chamber in his room to lie in state until 10 November, and when the room was opened for public visitors during the final two days, around 9,000 attended.[35] The Duke's body was finally removed to London by way of Deal, complete with a military escort.[36]

James Broun-Ramsay, the Marquess of Dalhousie became Lord Warden; on his death, the Prime Minister Henry Temple, the Viscount Palmerston, took over the castle in 1861. Palmerston initially declined to buy the contents of the castle from his predecessor's estate on taking up the post, a practice which had become traditional for the Lords Warden, complaining about the high price being proposed.[37] This raised the risk that the historical contents of the castle might be sold off at open auction; and some of Wellington's former belongings were therefore removed by his family for safekeeping.[37]

Lord Granville was offered the post of Lord Warden by the new Prime Minister, John Russell in 1865,[38] though the salary had been abolished in 1828s so the post would be a personal expense, but would provide Granville with a residence by the sea.[39] Granville took over Walmer in 1865, expanded the gardens, built new kennels for a hunting pack and spent many years reassembling the furniture and other objects that Pitt and Wellington had used at the castle.[40] He received large numbers of visitors, many of whom stopped off while travelling to or from France.[41] The diplomat Baron de Malortie visited Granville and his family at Walmer, and later praised the homely atmosphere in the castle. He described how, after breakfast, the family and guests would all gather in the drawing room, which was the only large room in the house, and Granville would answer government correspondence amid the daily life of the rest of the household.[42]

The businessman and politician William Smith was appointed Lord Warden in 1891, but died in Walmer Castle during his first visit here in October of that year.[43] Smith had proposed that the historical artefacts in the castle should be protected from being removed by later Lord Wardens and suggested that government pass an Indenture of Heirlooms Bill.[43] The government carried out the plan after Smith's death, protecting almost 70 pieces of furniture and 50 artworks at the castle and forbidding their being moved from the castle without the approval of the Secretary of State for War.[44] Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, the Marquess of Salisbury, became the next Lord Warden; with adequate legal protection now in place, the 3rd Duke of Wellington suggested returning his grandfather's possessions to the castle, but Lady Salisbury declined the offer.[45]

20th–21st centuries

The central corridor on the first floor of the castle

By 1904 the War Office had concluded that Walmer had no remaining military value and agreed to transfer the castle to the Office of Works, who accepted it on the condition that they were paid £2,400 in order to carry out repairs.[46] The Office's survey noted that "the lower floor ... is very inconvenient, dark and not conducive to health while the women servants have to sleep in a sort of dormitory in the slopes of the roof... The principal floor is, generally speaking, badly arranged and badly lighted and the Dining Room is very small"; the report suggested that it would be best to demolish the building and rebuild it.[47]

Proposals were made to find the next Lord Warden, George Curzon, the Marquess Curzon, alternative accommodation and the Royal Marines were approached as replacement tenants for the castle, but declined the offer.[47] The Ministry acquired agreement for most of the castle to be opened to the public, with various historical objects related to the property being put on display, including some donated by King Edward VII.[48] Lord Curzon moved into the castle when returned from India in 1905. His wife, Mary, fell ill, which Curzon believed to be a result of their poor accommodation, and despite being moved to a new residence, she died shortly afterwards.[49] As a result Curzon decided to resign the post of Lord Warden, leaving the castle, and subsequently the Prince of Wales, the future King George V, took up the post.[49]

William Lygon, the Earl Beauchamp, became the Lord Warden in 1913. He invited the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith, to use the castle during the First World War as a weekend retreat, as it had good communication links with the front line in France,[50] but Asquith's wife, Margot, was unimpressed by Walmer, noting in her diary that while it was "very distinguished" and had "great charm", it was "terribly exposed" with "cold... noisy corridors and small rooms"; she later came to like the castle and noted that she was sad to finally leave it.[51]

Three cannon on the one of the castle's firing platforms

Lygon's successor, the politician Rufus Isaacs, the Marquess of Reading, became the Lord Warden in 1934, and his wife, Stella, attempted to restore Wellington's old bedroom to its earlier appearance during the Duke's tenure and, as part of this project, the 4th Duke of Wellington agreed to send the original contents of the room back to the castle, where they still remain.[52] Isaacs was followed by Freeman Freeman-Thomas, the Marquess of Willingdon, in 1936, followed by Sir Winston Churchill in 1941 during the Second World War. Churchill noted to the Minister of Works and Buildings that he had told King George V on taking up the position that he doubted that he would be able to live at Walmer Castle during the war, as it was within range of the German artillery along the French coast, or indeed that he would able to afford to live there afterwards, and for that reason he hoped that the state would maintain the castle and gardens, and decide what use it should be put to after the war.[53]

Sir Robert Menzies, Prime Minister of Australian @, became the Lord Warden in 1965 and visited the castle on an annual basis, staying in the flat there.[54] His successor was Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in 1978. Admiral the Lord Boyce, took up the post in 2004.

Today the property is managed by English Heritage, attracting 77,828 visitors in 2014.[55] English Heritage carried out a £674,000 programme of improvements to the castle in 2015 intended to improve the visitor experience.[56] The castle is protected as a scheduled monument, while the surrounding gardens are protected with a grade II listing]].[57]

Architecture

Castle

Plan of the ground floor of the castle; key: A - gatehouse; B - porter's lodge; C - gunpowder store; D - servant's hall E - Hall Room; F - Gunners' Lodging; G - Willingdon Room; H - Sackville Room

Walmer Castle retains most of its original 16th-century structure, with a tall keep, 83 feet across, at the centre, flanked by four rounded bastions, one of which served as a gatehouse, and a moat, surrounded in turn by a curtain wall. Its curved walls are 15 feet thick.[58] It was when in military use nearly identical to its sister castle at Sandown and was approximately 167 feet by 167 feet across, covering 0.6 acres.[59] The historian John Hale considered the original castle to form a transitional design between older mediæval English designs and newer Italian styles of defence, displatyed in the star fort design.[60]

The castle had three tiers of artillery – the heaviest and longest range weapons occupying the upper levels, including the keep – with a total of 39 firing positions, and 31 gunloops in the basement for handguns should close defence be required.[61] The embrasures in the walls were all widely splayed to provide the maximum possible space for the guns to operate and traverse, and the interior of the castle was designed with vents to allow the smoke from its guns to escape.[61]

From the 18th century onwards, the interior of the castle was converted to provide accommodation for the Lord Wardens, almost all of which is now open to visitors. The castle is still entered through the ground floor of the gatehouse in the western bastion, which contains the original porter's lodge.[62] In the middle of the castle is the keep, which originally housed the Servants' Hall and now a set of tea rooms.[62] In the southern bastion is a set of rooms which are reached through the Hall Room, originally built as gunners' lodgings in the 18th century and converted into the entrance hall to the castle in the 1930s.[63] On the far side of the bastion are the Sackville and Willingdon Rooms, built in the 18th century; the Willingdon Room is now used as a museum for objects relating to William Pitt.[64] The Lucas Room has been redecorated in a mid-19th century style and is used to present various items of Wellington memorabilia.[65] The north and east bastions are filled in, providing solid foundations for the gun platforms above.[62]

The second floor contains the Lord Warden's private apartments in the west bastion and the western half of the keep.[62] In the southern bastion is the Duke of Wellington's Room and the Lucas Room, originally part of an apartment of rooms selected by William Pitt for his use, as they formed the warmest part of the castle.[31] The corridor running across the castle through the keep was built by Pitt to link the north and south halves of the castle.[66]

The Prince Consort's and Queen Victoria's rooms in the keep are named after their use during the royal visit of 1842, although their decoration today dates from the interwar period.[67] The Dining Room, Drawing Room and Ante Room, which overlook the northern bastion, date from the 1730s, when the Duke of Dorset constructed them to form a private set of chambers.[68] These rooms feature a range of pink and purple window glass, which tradition says was installed by the Earl of Liverpool to protect his wife's eyesight; recent analysis shows that some of the pink-tinted glass dates from the 1730s, and discoloured naturally over time, while other panes were intentionally purchased around 1800 in these hues, but probably as status symbols and not for any medical purpose.[69]

Gardens

The Queen Mother's Garden

The gardens of Walmer Castle date mainly from the 1790s and 1860s and comprise around 32 acres of land, split evenly between formal ornamental gardens and parkland.[70] The main body of the gardens stretches away from the castle towards the north-west, and is made up of protected, well-drained, chalk-based soil, forming a maritime microclimate.[71]

The castle is approached through the castle meadow, an area of open parkland, lined with Holm oaks planted in the 1860s, and is surrounded by the dry moat, now a garden dating from at least the 1850s and planted with trees and shrubs.

Adjacent to the castle are the Queen Mother's Garden and the kitchen garden and glasshouses. The Queen Mother's Garden was built by English Heritage as a 95th birthday gift for the then Lord Warden in 1997, the site having been originally part of the wider kitchen gardens, before being turned into a tennis court in the 1920s. Designed by Penelope Hobhouse, the garden incorporates classical and Islamic themes, with a 92-foot-long pool, a viewing mound and a classical pavilion. The two glasshouses have been restored, functioning as cold greenhouses, while the remainder of the kitchen garden is planted with a mixture of vegetables, fruit trees and flowers.

The 262-foot-long Broadwalk is the main axis of the gardens and separates the glasshouses from the 328-foot-long Oval Lawn, planted with lime trees and yews.[72] The Broadwalk is lined by the "Cloud Hedge", a formal 19th-century yew hedge that grew out of control in the Second World War and was left in its current, undulating style. Two terraces in the middle of the garden, designed by William Masters in an Italianate style, separate the further half of the garden.[73] On the other side are the paddock, planted with Holm oaks, and a curved belt of woodland of beech, ash and chestnut trees, badly damaged in the storms of 1987 and 1990. At the far end is the Glen, a woodland hollow formed from an old chalk quarry in the 19th century.[74]

Outside links

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References

  1. ↑ Thompson 1987, p. 111; Hale 1983, p. 63
  2. ↑ King 1991, pp. 176–177
  3. ↑ Morley 1976, p. 7
  4. ↑ King 1991, p. 178; Harrington 2007, p. 16
  5. ↑ Harrington 2007, p. 16
  6. ↑ Harrington 2007, p. 8; "A Colored Bird's Eye View of "A Castle for the Downes"; Probably an Early Design for Walmer and Sundown Castles". British Library. http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/a/001cotaugi00001u00021000.html. Retrieved 26 June 2015. 
  7. ↑ Elvin 1890, p. 162
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Coad 2008, p. 28
  9. ↑ Coad 2008, p. 30
  10. ↑ Elvin 1890, p. 183
  11. ↑ Kennedy 1962, pp. 248–250; Harrington 2007, p. 50
  12. ↑ Ashton 1994, p. 440
  13. ↑ Kennedy 1962, pp. 251–252
  14. ↑ Ashton 1994, pp. 439–440
  15. ↑ Harrington 2007, p. 51
  16. ↑ Elvin 1890, p. 210; Coad 2008, p. 31
  17. ↑ Elvin 1890, pp. 211–213
  18. ↑ Elvin 1890, p. 224
  19. ↑ Coad 2008, pp. 30–31
  20. ↑ Coad 2008, pp. 29, 31–32
  21. ↑ Coad 2008, pp. 29, 32; Shepherd 2008, p. 8
  22. ↑ Coad 2008, pp. 29, 32; Shepherd 2008, pp. 8, 10
  23. ↑ Coad 2008, p. 30; Hinze 2008, pp. 16–17
  24. ↑ Elvin 1890, pp. 246–247
  25. ↑ Elvin 1890, pp. 248–249
  26. ↑ Elvin 1890, pp. 248–250
  27. ↑ Elvin 1890, p. 250; Hinze 2008, p. 22
  28. ↑ Brock 2014, p. 14
  29. ↑ Brock 2014, p. 14; Muir 2015, p. 332
  30. ↑ Muir 2015, p. 332
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Shepherd 2008, p. 5
  32. ↑ Coad 2008, p. 32; Shepherd 2008, p. 5
  33. ↑ Coad 2008, p. 32
  34. ↑ Coad 2008, p. 32; Elvin 1890, p. 275
  35. ↑ Elvin 1890, pp. 275–276
  36. ↑ Elvin 1890, p. 276
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Shepherd 2008, p. 5; Maxwell 1893, pp. 326–327
  38. ↑ Fitzmaurice 1905a, p. 489
  39. ↑ Fitzmaurice 1905a, p. 489; Coad 2008, p. 29
  40. ↑ Maxwell 1893, p. 327; Coad 2008, p. 29; Fitzmaurice 1905a, p. 490
  41. ↑ Fitzmaurice 1905b, pp. 130–131
  42. ↑ Fitzmaurice 1905b, pp. 129–130
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Shepherd 2008, p. 13
  44. ↑ Shepherd 2008, pp. 5, 13; Maxwell 1893, p. 328
  45. ↑ Shepherd 2008, p. 6; Maxwell 1893, pp. 327–328; Coad 2008, p. 29
  46. ↑ Fry 2014, pp. 11–12, 15
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Fry 2014, p. 15
  48. ↑ Fry 2014, pp. 15–16
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Coad 2008, p. 33
  50. ↑ Coad 2008, p. 35; Jenkins 2002, p. 295; Mulvagh 2008, p. 320
  51. ↑ Brock & Brock 2014, pp. 66, 100
  52. ↑ Shepherd 2008, p. 6
  53. ↑ Churchill 1948, p. 737
  54. ↑ Vickers 2006, p. 416; A. W. Martin (2011). "Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (1894–1978)". Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31438. Retrieved 31 July 2015. 
  55. ↑ "Latest Visitor Figures". Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. http://alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423. Retrieved 31 July 2014. 
  56. ↑ Eleanor Perkins (26 January 2015). "Walmer Castle Will Undergo Improvements to Help Cement its Place in History". Kent Online. http://www.kentonline.co.uk/deal/news/walmer-castle-will-undergo-improvements-30752/. Retrieved 31 July 2015. 
  57. ↑ National Heritage List 1013381: Walmer Castle; National Heritage List 1000291: Walmer Castle
  58. ↑ Saunders 1989, p. 38
  59. ↑ Rutton 1898, p. 26
  60. ↑ Hale 1983, p. 73
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Harrington 2007, p. 21; Saunders 1989, p. 38
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Coad 2008, p. 37
  63. ↑ Shepherd 2008, pp. 2–3; Coad 2008, p. 37
  64. ↑ Shepherd 2008, p. 3
  65. ↑ Shepherd 2008, p. 4
  66. ↑ Shepherd 2008, p. 8
  67. ↑ Shepherd 2008, pp. 10–12
  68. ↑ Shepherd 2008, p. 14
  69. ↑ Dungworth & Girbal 2011, pp. 13–14, 44–45
  70. ↑ Hinze 2008, pp. 16–17; National Heritage List 1000291: Walmer Castle
  71. ↑ Hinze 2008, pp. 16–17
  72. ↑ Hinze 2008, p. 19
  73. ↑ Hinze 2008, p. 20
  74. ↑ Hinze 2008, p. 21

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  • Walton, Steven A. (2010). "State Building Through Building for the State: Foreign and Domestic Expertise in Tudor Fortification". Osiris 25 (1): 66–84. doi:10.1086/657263. 
Henry VIII's Device Forts on the south coast

Kent: Sandown Castle • Deal Castle • Walmer Castle • Sandgate Castle • Sussex: Camber Castle • Hampshire: Southsea Castle • Hurst Castle • Calshot Castle • Cowes Castle • Yarmouth Castle • Netley Castle • St Andrew's Castle • Dorset: Portland Castle • Sandsfoot Castle • Cornwall: Pendennis Castle • St Mawes Castle

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